CL-SPIM Version 5.5 of August 12, 1994
Copyright 1990-1994 by James R. Larus (larus@cs.wisc.edu).
Copyright (C) 1991-1994 by Anne Rogers (amr@cs.princeton.edu)
and Scott Rosenberg (scottr@cs.princeton.edu).
All Rights Reserved.
See the file README a full copyright notice.

Loaded: /home/l/i/lib51/lib/trap.handler
(cl-spim) #### Assembly Language Examples
(cl-spim) ####
(cl-spim) #### File:         assembly-language.in
(cl-spim) #### Author:       CS 51 (Bob Walton)
(cl-spim) #### Version:      1
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) load "assembly_language.asm"
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # 
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Immediate Instructions
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t0, $0, 0x555   # $t0 = 0x555
[0x004000c4]  addi $8, $0, 1365         $08 = 0x00000555
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t1, $t0, 0x333  # $t1 = $t0 + 0x333
[0x004000c8]  addi $9, $8, 819          $09 = 0x00000888
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . slti $t1, $t0, 0x333  # $t1 = ($t0 < 0x333)
[0x004000cc]  slti $9, $8, 819          $09 = 0x00000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . slti $t1, $t0, 0x666  # $t1 = ($t0 < 0x666)
[0x004000d0]  slti $9, $8, 1638         $09 = 0x00000001
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . ori  $t1, $t0, 0x333  # $t1 = $t0 | 0x333
[0x004000d4]  ori $9, $8, 819           $09 = 0x00000777
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . andi $t1, $t0, 0x333  # $t1 = $t0 & 0x333
[0x004000d8]  andi $9, $8, 819          $09 = 0x00000111
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . xori $t1, $t0, 0x333  # $t1 = $t0 ^ 0x333
[0x004000dc]  xori $9, $8, 819          $09 = 0x00000666
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # More Immediate Instructions
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . lui  $t1, 0x1234      # $t1 = 0x12340000
[0x004000e0]  lui $9, 4660              $09 = 0x12340000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . lui  $t0, 0x7fff      # $t0 = 0x7fff0000
[0x004000e4]  lui $8, 32767             $08 = 0x7fff0000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . ori  $t0, $t0, 0xffff # $t0 = 0xffffffff
[0x004000e8]  ori $8, $8, -1            $08 = 0x7fffffff
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addu $t1, $t0, 1   # $t1 = $t0 + 1 unsigned
[0x004000ec]  addiu $9, $8, 1           $09 = 0x80000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . add  $t1, $t0, 1   # $t1 = $t0 + 1 signed
[0x004000f0]  addi $9, $8, 1
----- Exception occurred at PC=0x004000f0
  Arithmetic overflow
--------------------------------------> PC = 80000080
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . lui  $t0, 0x8000   # $t0 = 0x80000000
[0x004000f4]  lui $8, -32768            $08 = 0x80000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . slti  $t1, $t0, 1  # $t1 = ($t0 < 1) signed
[0x004000f8]  slti $9, $8, 1            $09 = 0x00000001
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . sltiu $t1, $t0, 1  # $t1 = ($t0 < 1) uns.
[0x004000fc]  sltiu $9, $8, 1           $09 = 0x00000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Register Instructions
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t0, $0, 0x555   # $t0 = 0x555
[0x00400100]  addi $8, $0, 1365         $08 = 0x00000555
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t1, $0, 0x333   # $t1 = 0x333
[0x00400104]  addi $9, $0, 819          $09 = 0x00000333
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . add $t2, $t0, $t1     # $t2 = $t0 + $t1
[0x00400108]  add $10, $8, $9           $10 = 0x00000888
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . sub $t2, $t0, $t1     # $t2 = $t0 - $t1
[0x0040010c]  sub $10, $8, $9           $10 = 0x00000222
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . slt $t2, $t0, $t1     # $t2 = ( $t0 < $t1 )
[0x00400110]  slt $10, $8, $9           $10 = 0x00000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t2, $0, 0x666   # $t2 = 0x666
[0x00400114]  addi $10, $0, 1638        $10 = 0x00000666
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . slt $t2, $t0, $t2     # $t2 = ( $t0 < $t2 )
[0x00400118]  slt $10, $8, $10          $10 = 0x00000001
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . or  $t2, $t0, $t1     # $t2 = $t0 | $t1
[0x0040011c]  or $10, $8, $9            $10 = 0x00000777
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . and $t2, $t0, $t1     # $t2 = $t0 & $t1
[0x00400120]  and $10, $8, $9           $10 = 0x00000111
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . xor $t2, $t0, $t1     # $t2 = $t0 ^ $t1
[0x00400124]  xor $10, $8, $9           $10 = 0x00000666
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) # More Register Instructions
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . lui  $t0, 0x7fff      # $t0 = 0x7fff0000
[0x00400128]  lui $8, 32767             $08 = 0x7fff0000
(cl-spim) . ori  $t0, $t0, 0xffff # $t0 = 0x7fffffff
[0x0040012c]  ori $8, $8, -1            $08 = 0x7fffffff
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t1, $0, 1       # $t1 = 1
[0x00400130]  addi $9, $0, 1            $09 = 0x00000001
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addu $t2, $t0, $t1  # $t2 = $t0 + $t1 uns
[0x00400134]  addu $10, $8, $9          $10 = 0x80000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . add  $t2, $t0, $t1  # $t2 = $t0 + $t1 signed
[0x00400138]  add $10, $8, $9
----- Exception occurred at PC=0x00400138
  Arithmetic overflow
--------------------------------------> PC = 80000080
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . lui  $t0, 0x8000    # $t0 = 0x80000000
[0x0040013c]  lui $8, -32768            $08 = 0x80000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . subu $t2, $t0, $t1  # $t2 = $t0 - $t1 uns
[0x00400140]  subu $10, $8, $9          $10 = 0x7fffffff
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . sub  $t2, $t0, $t1  # $t2 = $t0 - $t1 signed
[0x00400144]  sub $10, $8, $9
----- Exception occurred at PC=0x00400144
  Arithmetic overflow
--------------------------------------> PC = 80000080
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . slt $t2, $t0, $t1 # $t2 = ($t0 < $t1) signed
[0x00400148]  slt $10, $8, $9           $10 = 0x00000001
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . sltu $t2, $t0, $t1 # $t2 = ( $t0 < $t1 ) uns
[0x0040014c]  sltu $10, $8, $9          $10 = 0x00000000
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Example Loop
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) br loop_example   # in assembly_language.asm
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) run loop_example
Breakpoint encountered at 0x00400024

# int $t0 = 1;
# do $t0 = $t0 + $t0 while ( $t0 < 8 );

	.globl loop_example

loop_example:

	addi $t0, $0, 1		# $t0 = 1
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) s 10000
[0x00400024]  addi $8, $0, 1            $08 = 0x00000001

loop:

	add $t0, $t0, $t0	# $t0 = $t0 + $t0
[0x00400028]  add $8, $8, $8            $08 = 0x00000002

	slti $t1, $t0, 8	# $t1 = ( $t0 < 8 )
[0x0040002c]  slti $9, $8, 8            $09 = 0x00000001

	bne $t1, $0, loop	# if ( $t1 != 0 )
[0x00400030]  bne $9, $0, -8 [loop]
--------------------------------------> PC = 00400028

loop:

	add $t0, $t0, $t0	# $t0 = $t0 + $t0
[0x00400028]  add $8, $8, $8            $08 = 0x00000004

	slti $t1, $t0, 8	# $t1 = ( $t0 < 8 )
[0x0040002c]  slti $9, $8, 8            $09 = 0x00000001

	bne $t1, $0, loop	# if ( $t1 != 0 )
[0x00400030]  bne $9, $0, -8 [loop]
--------------------------------------> PC = 00400028

loop:

	add $t0, $t0, $t0	# $t0 = $t0 + $t0
[0x00400028]  add $8, $8, $8            $08 = 0x00000008

	slti $t1, $t0, 8	# $t1 = ( $t0 < 8 )
[0x0040002c]  slti $9, $8, 8            $09 = 0x00000000

	bne $t1, $0, loop	# if ( $t1 != 0 )
[0x00400030]  bne $9, $0, -8 [loop]
				#     goto loop

	addi $v0, $0, 10	# exit()
[0x00400034]  addi $2, $0, 10           $02 = 0x0000000a
	syscall
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Example Using SYSCALL
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) br syscall_example  # in assembly_language.asm
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) run syscall_example
Breakpoint encountered at 0x0040003c

# $t0 = read_int();
# $t0 = $t0 + read_int();
# print ( $t0 );

	.globl syscall_example

syscall_example:

	# $t0 = read_int();
	#
	addi $v0, $0, 5		# $v0 = 5
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) s 10000
[0x0040003c]  addi $2, $0, 5            $02 = 0x00000005
	syscall			# $v0 = read_int()
333333333
[0x00400040]  syscall
	add  $t0, $0, $v0	# $t0 = $v0
[0x00400044]  add $8, $0, $2            $08 = 0x13de4355

	# $t0 = $t0 + read_int();
	#
	addi $v0, $0, 5		# $v0 = 5
[0x00400048]  addi $2, $0, 5            $02 = 0x00000005
	syscall			# $v0 = read_int()
555555555
[0x0040004c]  syscall
	add  $t0, $t0, $v0	# $t0 = $t0 + $v0
[0x00400050]  add $8, $8, $2            $08 = 0x34fb5e38

	# print_int ( $t0 )
	#
	addi $v0, $0, 1		# $v0 = 1
[0x00400054]  addi $2, $0, 1            $02 = 0x00000001
	add  $a0, $0, $t0	# $a0 = $t0
[0x00400058]  add $4, $0, $8            $04 = 0x34fb5e38
	syscall			# print_int ( $a0 )
888888888[0x0040005c]  syscall

	addi $v0, $0, 10	# exit()
[0x00400060]  addi $2, $0, 10           $02 = 0x0000000a
	syscall
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Example Subroutine Call
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) br subroutine_call_example
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) run subroutine_call_example
Breakpoint encountered at 0x00400068

# $a0 = read_int();
# $a1 = read_int();
# $v0 = max ( $a0, $a1 );
# print ( $v0 );

	.globl subroutine_call_example

subroutine_call_example:

	# $a0 = read_int();
	#
	addi $v0, $0, 5		# $v0 = 5
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) s 10000
[0x00400068]  addi $2, $0, 5            $02 = 0x00000005
	syscall			# $v0 = read_int()
333333333
[0x0040006c]  syscall
	add  $a0, $0, $v0	# $a0 = $v0
[0x00400070]  add $4, $0, $2            $04 = 0x13de4355

	# $a1 = read_int();
	#
	addi $v0, $0, 5		# $v0 = 5
[0x00400074]  addi $2, $0, 5            $02 = 0x00000005
	syscall			# $v0 = read_int()
555555555
[0x00400078]  syscall
	add  $a1, $0, $v0	# $a1 = $v0
[0x0040007c]  add $5, $0, $2            $05 = 0x211d1ae3

	# $v0 = max ( $a0, $a1 )
	#
	jal max
[0x00400080]  jal 0x00400098 [max]
--------------------------------------> PC = 00400098


## The max function:
##
## int max ( int x, int y )
##     { if ( x < y ) return y; else return x; }
##
    .globl max
max:
    # if ( x < y ) goto a0_lt_a1;
    #
    slt  $t0, $a0, $a1	    # t0 = ( $a0 < $a1 )
[0x00400098]  slt $8, $4, $5            $08 = 0x00000001
    bne  $t0, $0, a0_lt_a1  # if ( $t0 != 0 )
[0x0040009c]  bne $8, $0, 12 [a0_lt_a1]
--------------------------------------> PC = 004000a8

    # return y;
    #
a0_lt_a1:
    add $v0, $0, $a1	    # $v0 = $a1
[0x004000a8]  add $2, $0, $5            $02 = 0x211d1ae3
    jr   $ra		    # return
[0x004000ac]  jr $31
--------------------------------------> PC = 00400084

	# print_int ( $v0 )
	#
	add  $a0, $0, $v0	# $a0 = $v0
[0x00400084]  add $4, $0, $2            $04 = 0x211d1ae3
	addi $v0, $0, 1		# $v0 = 1
[0x00400088]  addi $2, $0, 1            $02 = 0x00000001
	syscall			# print_int ( $a0 )
555555555[0x0040008c]  syscall

	addi $v0, $0, 10	# exit()
[0x00400090]  addi $2, $0, 10           $02 = 0x0000000a
	syscall
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Example Print String
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) br print_string_example
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) run print_string_example
Breakpoint encountered at 0x004000b0


# print_string ("HI\n");

	.globl print_string_example

print_string_example:
	
	.data
string:
	.ascii "HI\n\0"

	.text
	addi $v0, $0, 4
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) s 10000
[0x004000b0]  addi $2, $0, 4            $02 = 0x00000004
	la $a0, string
[0x004000b4]  lui $4, 4097 [string]     $04 = 0x10010000
	syscall
HI
[0x004000b8]  syscall

	addi $v0, $0, 10	# exit()
[0x004000bc]  addi $2, $0, 10           $02 = 0x0000000a
	syscall
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Data Examples
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . .data
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . label1:
(cl-spim) p label1
Data seg @ 0x10010004 (268500996) = 0x00000000 (0)
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) . .ascii "HELLO\n\0"
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . label2:
(cl-spim) p label2
Data seg @ 0x1001000b (268501003) = 0x00000000 (0)
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) . .align 2
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . label3:
(cl-spim) p label3
Data seg @ 0x1001000c (268501004) = 0x00000000 (0)
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) . .word 0x1111
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . label4:
(cl-spim) p label4
Data seg @ 0x10010010 (268501008) = 0x00000000 (0)
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) p label3
Data seg @ 0x1001000c (268501004) = 0x00001111 (4369)
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) . .text
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . lw $t0, label3
[0x00400150]  lui $1, 4097 [label3]     $01 = 0x10010000
[0x00400154]  lw $8, 12($1) [label3]    $08 = 0x00001111
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t0, $t0, 0x2222
[0x00400158]  addi $8, $8, 8738         $08 = 0x00003333
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . sw $t0, label3
[0x0040015c]  lui $1, 4097 [label3]     $01 = 0x10010000
[0x00400160]  sw $8, 12($1) [label3]
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) p label3
Data seg @ 0x1001000c (268501004) = 0x00003333 (13107)
(cl-spim) .
(cl-spim) . lw $t0, label3
[0x00400164]  lui $1, 4097 [label3]     $01 = 0x10010000
[0x00400168]  lw $8, 12($1) [label3]    $08 = 0x00003333
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) #
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) # Multiply Instructions
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t0, $0, 0x1000  # $t0 = 0x1000
[0x0040016c]  addi $8, $0, 4096         $08 = 0x00001000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . multu $t0, $t0        # $hi$lo = $t0 * $t0
[0x00400170]  multu $8, $8
(cl-spim)                         # unsigned
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . mflo $t1              # $t1 = $lo
[0x00400174]  mflo $9                   $09 = 0x01000000
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . addi $t2, $0, 0x7654  # $t2 = 0x7654
[0x00400178]  addi $10, $0, 30292       $10 = 0x00007654
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . multu $t1, $t2        # $hi$lo = $t1 * $t2
[0x0040017c]  multu $9, $10
(cl-spim)                         # unsigned
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . mfhi $t3              # $t3 = $hi
[0x00400180]  mfhi $11                  $11 = 0x00000076
(cl-spim) 
(cl-spim) . mflo $t4              # $t4 = $lo
[0x00400184]  mflo $12                  $12 = 0x54000000
(cl-spim)